How to Write a Title Page in APA Format

How to Write a Title Page in APA Format Student Resources APA Style and Writing Print How to Write a Title Page in APA Format By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on January 23, 2020 Kathleen Finlay / Image Source / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers The title page is the first page of your psychology paper. In order to make a good first impression, it is important to have a well-formatted title page in proper APA format that clearly represents your paper. The following format should be used in both psychology lab reports and research articles.?? Your instructor may also request that you use a similar format for other types of psychology writing. Elements of a Title Page Article titleAuthor’s nameAuthors school affiliationRunning headPage number How to Choose a Good Title One of the most difficult tasks is choosing a good title. Your title should be as specific as possible. Notice the titles used in the following examples: [Specific] Second-Order Beliefs and the Use of Self-Presentational Explanations for Behavior[General] Cognitive Abilities and Social Understanding The best way to structure your title is to look at your hypothesis and experimental variables. For example: The Effects of [Independent Variable] on [Dependent Variable] The official APA publication manual notes that your title should be brief, yet it should communicate the main topic and variables of interest. Your goal should be to craft a title that can stand alone and be fully explanatory without further elaboration. A reader browsing through paper titles in an online database should be able to quickly read your title and know exactly what your paper is about. You should also avoid words that serve no real purpose or that do not communicate essential information. Some examples of such words and phrases include “An Experiment on…,” “A Study of…”, “method,” or “results.” How Long Should a Title Be? The APA publication manual suggests that your title should be no more than 12 words long. Author’s Name and School Affiliation The next element of your title page is the byline, which lists the author’s name as well as their institutional affiliation. Listing your first name, middle initial(s), and the last name is the recommended format. Do not include abbreviations of titles or degrees such as Dr. or Ph.D. The institutional affiliation should be the location where the research was conducted, most often a college or university. In some cases, research may have been supported by more than one institution. For these instances, only include two affiliations if both schools offered substantial support to the research and only list two affiliations for every author. What should you do if you were not affiliated with an academic institution when the research was conducted? In this instance, the APA suggests listing your city and state of residence in place of the academic affiliation. Other Elements A running head should be included in the upper left-hand corner on all pages, including the title page.All pages, including the title page, should also have a page number in the upper right-hand corner.The first line of your title page should be left-aligned at the top of the page, using the following format: Running head: PAGE TITLE Note that the running head should be listed as no more than fifty characters, including letters, spacing between words, and punctuation of your title in uppercase letters. Your title, name, and school should be double-spaced and centered on the page. Title Page Checklist Does your title page contain a title, your name, your school affiliation, a running head, and a page number?Is your title clear, specific, and does it accurately describe what your paper is about?Is your running head in uppercase format and no longer than fifty characters in length?Is the title, your name, and school affiliation centered on the page and double-spaced? Tips Check out this example of a title page in APA format.

Feste in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay

Feste in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night In William Shakespeares comedy Twelfth Night, it is ironic how many times the fool is said to be dishonest, when, in fact, his role proves entirely opposite. Though sometimes the characters do not realize his hidden messages, the reader can instantly comprehend Festes figurative language, which is evident in every scene in which the fool appears. Whether he is singing to Orsino, arguing with Malvolio, or playing around with Viola, Feste always manages to sneak in a few symbolic foretokens before his exit. His keen eye and fast wit help him to actively partake in the portrayal of the story, however, the fool is merely present to express that which cannot be fully expressed through the†¦show more content†¦Upon closer inspection of his words, the reader can see Festes honest assessment of character shine through. For example, while jeering back and forth with Malvolio, Feste states, Sir Toby will be sworn / that I am no fox, but he will not pass his word for / twopence that yo u are no fool (1.5.77-79). In this proclamation, Feste shows his perceptions of both Toby and Malvolio. He believes that Toby is not a wise man due to the fact that, although the fool is clearly intelligent, Toby does not realize just how crafty Feste truly is. However, Malvolios self-deception is so obviously false that even one such as Toby, who cannot even realize Festes ingenuity, can see through it. Later, while he is fooling around with Toby and Andrew, Feste laughs, Did you ever see the / picture of We Three? (2.3.16-17). This comparison between the three characters in the scene and the famous painting of We Three, a picture portraying only two fools, therefore implying the viewer to be a third fool, shows that Feste portrays both Sir Toby and Andrew to be fools, along with himself as the third. One last illustration of Festes whimsical messages can be found while he is speaking to Sebastian. In this instance, the fool reveals one of the plays ongoing themes by stating, No, I do not know you, †¦ nor your name is not Master Cesario, †¦ Nothing that is so is so (4.1.5-9). To Sebastian, this statement was simply a sarcastic one,Show MoreRelatedThe Role and Function of Feste in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night465 Words   |  2 Pagesof Feste in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night In Elizabethan times the Twelfth Night was a time of holiday and festivals and it was sometimes known as the feast of fools. Slapstick comedy, satire and romance along with disguise and frivolity were all ingredients, which would have been the order of the day. Feste the fool represents the festive spirit of the play, and he makes an important contribution to the action. Fools were employed by noble families, Feste is employedRead MoreEssay about William Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night: Feste 1643 Words   |  7 PagesTrevor Nunn’s (1996) adaptation of Twelfth Night illustrates the complexity of Feste’s character and how important he is to the overall play. Ben Kingsley, the actor, presents Feste as sympathetic and gentle choric figure. It is Feste who allows the audience to see the films respect for the original play, and the existing issues within it. This includes the defencelessness of women, and the attractive, but dangerous, qualities of altering one’s true sexual identity. Interestingly, unlike the originalRead MoreThe Fools in Twelfth Night Essay1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Fools of Twelfth Night  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not unusual that the fool should be a prominent figure and make an important contribution in forming the confusion and the humor in an Elizabethan drama. In William Shakespeares comedy, Twelfth Night, Feste the clown is not the only fool who is subject to foolery. He and many other characters combine their silly acts and wits to invade other characters that either escape reality or live a dream. In Twelfth Night, Feste, Maria and Sir Toby are the foolsRead More The Use of Deception in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesThe Use of Deception in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deception is a key theme in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night. The characters must use deception to obtain good things, escape bad situations, or to play cruel hilarious ticks on other people. One example of deception is when Viola clothes herself in mens clothing in order to obtain a job under the Duke of Illyria, Orsino. During another scene Sir Andrew, Fabian, Maria, and Sir Toby Belch trick Malvolio into making a foolRead More Twelfth Night Essay: Feste is No Fool694 Words   |  3 PagesFeste is No Fool in Twelfth Night  Ã‚        Ã‚   In most Shakespearean romantic comedies, there is a character that plays the part of a truth-teller.   And in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night it is no different. Feste, a clown, through his mixed up words and songs enlightens the other characters whilst playing the role of the truth-teller.   Through aiding the Duke with his patience, helping Viola with her love problems, and having a major role in Malvolios downfall, Feste holds one of the primaryRead MoreThe Different Types of Comedy Employed by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night741 Words   |  3 PagesEmployed by Shakespeare in Twelfth Night William Shakespeare wrote Twelfth Night in 1914 as he was commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I to write a comic play for very important Italian courtier. The play included themes of love, confusion, disguise and other particularly funny topics from Shakespearean time. The title Twelfth Night fits in well with the comic play for a number of reasons. Twelfth Night is the name used for the Twelfth Day after Christmas. OnRead More The Purpose of Disguise in Twelfth Night Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesTheme of Disguise in Twelfth Night The notion of disguise is very important theme within Twelfth Night.   From my point of view I feel that the crux of the play is primarily based on this concept.   Indeed theres something in it that is deceivable summarizes this point precisely.   Disguise runs like a thread through the play from start to end and holds it all together just as tightly as thread would fabric.   Yet, paradoxically as the plot progresses there are many problems, deceptions andRead MoreTwelfth Night- Literature Cape Unit !7125 Words   |  29 PagesTwelfth Night Criticism William Shakespeare and The Twelfth Night Known for his tragedies, comedies, sonnets and love stories, William Shakespeare is argued to be one of the best writers of his time. Throughout his plays, including The Twelfth Night, he uses disguise and deceit to fool the other characters to benefit another. Shakespeare was born in April of 1564 in the town Stratford-upon-Avon. Although the exact date of his birth is not known, historians traditionally celebrate it on the 23rdRead More Celebrating Celebration Essay2477 Words   |  10 PagesChristian traditions that has become relatively quiet is the celebration of the Epiphany, or Twelfth Night, as it is sometimes called. This was a night of great celebration, as it was a remembrance of the Magi’s arrival at the birthplace of Christ, and it began the winter carnival season. In the time of Shakespeare, a play was written with this night in mind, and was appropriately titled, Twelfth Night. Now the play doesn’t have anything directly to do with the celebration for w hich it is namedRead MoreFunction of Disguise in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare Essay994 Words   |  4 PagesFunction of Disguise in Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare William Shakespeares Twelfth Night is a play based around disguise in the form of deception and becoming someone different. In Twelfth Night, disguise takes many different shapes from physical disguise to mental disguise. Disguise is one of the main topics of the play and helps to create the plot. It brings in confusion and comedy as well as the darker and sadder side of the play which is disguised as fun and

The Key to Successful Topics in Writing an Essay

The Key to Successful Topics in Writing an Essay Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Essays can be both formal and informal. They are very personalized. Persuasive essays share a whole lot of resemblance with argumentative essays. Inspiration to make your own advertising or media argumentative essay topics isn't tricky to discover. You will obviously not have the capacity to predict the precise topic that will come up. The topic ought to be interesting for you. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get well prepared to research it. There are two major means by which you can use the most typical IELTS essay topics to your benefit. If you're going to succeed in the IELTS test you have to be using and exposing yourself to English everyday. The very first technique is the chronological style. You see, the conventions of English essays are somewhat more formulaic than you may think and, in various ways, it can be as easy as counting to five. Formal essays are normally academic in nature and tackle significant topics. Nowadays it is quite difficult to locate a trustworthy essay writing service. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. In order to produce your essay as focused as possible, you could need to limit the important terms to a certain definition or interpretation. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. The intent of an important essay is to rate information, theories or situations. As you compose the essay, make sure that you've got an introduction that captures the interest of a reader. Evaluating creative writing topics is among the procedures that ensure you compose a superior paper. The introduction ought to be convincing and bring out the thesis that you are likely to present in the essay. College application essay topics are a crucial portion of an entertaining and compelling bit of writing. After all, to be able to produce your very best work, it's important to select a topic that you're passionate about and that you understand enough going to form an opinion and make a humorous analysation. Needless to say, you won't know the specific subject of the essay till you get there (just as the builder may not understand what color his client is likely to paint the living room), but you are going to have an all-purpose frame on which to construct an excellent essay regardless of what the topic is. To make sure that you will locate a complete answer to ev ery question, we've got a support team that is always online. At precisely the same time, it's important to supply a specific reply to the question. The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying current with what's going on in the world will truly help you think of ideas. It can be hard to consider about issues and topics off the peak of your head. You may find that a number of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. Perhaps, you feel that now you must sit and create the very best essay topics all on your own, which could take a great deal of time and energy. In high school, you're supposed to choose the sort of topic you're going to be in a position to dig into that is, you need to make sure that you can come across enough info on the topic. Though people believe education is a correct and will make society, overall, a better place for everybody, others feel there's no real way to provide a free college education as colleges would still have to be funded (likely through tax dollars). If it's possible to write a really convincing piece on a real-world application utilizing unique facts and research, then your odds of receiving admission to a top level university will certainly grow! Every student demands help with homework from time to time.

Unaccustomed Earth Book Review Free Essays

Jhimpa Lahiri plays upon and wrote about the most vital human emotions: life, death, self discovery and love and in doing so, Lahiri wrote a truly unforgettable novel that examines the life of a family over several generations. Unaccustomed Earth is divided up into eight stories and as each story unfolds they reveal layers of life and culture in their context. Somewhere buried beneath the Bengali family’s wild displays of emotions and cries for attention there’s a story about finding acceptance and moving on and looking past the rooted cultural boundaries. We will write a custom essay sample on Unaccustomed Earth Book Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Along with the theme of acceptance the book also has an overflowing theme finding one’s self, not just spiritually but accepting one’s identity in a new land. All these characters possess a desire, an urge to discover themselves, even in the most unorthodox mannerisms and the discovery happens over time and generations. While Unaccustomed Earth runs rapid with themes of culture, the book takes the reader to a time where America represented somewhere where communities were active and tightly boned, a time where one could build a new identity and explore freedom. With that freedom, each story has a character or family member torn between their culture and new chances America can offer. The characters face a turmoil of acceptance between their old heritage and trying to conform to norms of a western civilization. Early on the reader sees that Ruma (a lawyer) is starting to become a mirror image of her mother taking the path she once did in her homeland, â€Å"Growing up†¦ moving to a foreign place for the sake of marriage, caring exclusively for children and a household — had served as a warning, a path to avoid. Yet this was Ruma’s life now† (11). While there is freedom in her choice to follow her husband and be a house wife, Lahiri metaphorically tells the reader through this passage that while America offers freedom, it’s not necessary to make drastic changes but to be true to one’s own self. In that same page the metaphor is explored deeper when Ruma sees her father in a different light, â€Å" He was wearing a baseball cap that said POMPEII, brown cotton pants and sky-blue polo shirt, and a pair of white leather sneakers. She was struck by the degree to which her father resembled an American† (11). From this the reader can sense the parallels from the generations, on one hand there’s the foreigner consuming American so much he resembles it, and on the other an American born citizen reverting to a life she could have had in Calcutta. Overall the message become apparent that one’s identity is not defined by a geographical location but by one’s free will and is not limited by heritage and cultural stereotypes. Lahiri seems to often play with the notion of gender roles. At the forefront Ruma’s decision to abandon her career and opt to be a homemaker is met with much displeasure from her father, as he seems to meet this decision with the initial thought that America was supposed to bring new ideologies, he envisioned a different life for his daughter. There is a strong urging from Ruma’s father to get back into legal work and make the best of her life, â€Å"Now is the time for you to be working, building your career† (36). Ruma’s father only wishes to see his daughter happy and successful and not reliant on a man. With gender roles we see Ruma’s Indian heritage come in to play as she feels due to her heritage she has a prime role in taking care of her father and have him live with her. In much of the story we see Ruma often trying to find her cultural identity balancing being a mother and her once promising job. While her father often appears discontent with the traditional lifestyle he was raised in, Ruma eventually finds freedom in her lifestyle choice. The reader can further see gender roles come in to play with Lahiri writes Hell-Heaven we see the narrator showing regret for the unappreciative nature they had towards the hard working mother and her sacrifices. Despite gender roles the future is often unclear for most characters and there is always insecurity no matter what situation arises, â€Å"Even as an adult, she wished only that she could go back and change things: the ungainly things she’d worn, the insecurity she’d felt, all the innocent mistakes she made† (137). Lahiri explores the aspect of death and the Indian culture that surrounds it throughout much of the novel. Whenever there is a death in Unaccustomed Earth it seems to bond the family closer together and bridge the generation gaps. Universally death is in every culture and it becomes apparent that no matter what continent someone is from one can not escape their fate, â€Å"There were times Ruma felt closer to her mother in death than she had in life, an intimacy born simply of thinking of her so often, of missing her. But she knew that this was an illusion, a mirage, and that the distance between them was now infinite, unyielding† (27). There is a commemoration that happens that bonds the whole family together and they must rework and an alteration occurs as they recover as a unit. Yet, although death is ever luminous upon humanity the Bengali families seem to take with a grain of salt, â€Å"The knowledge of death seemed present in both sisters-it was something about the way they carried themselves, something that had broken too soon and had not mended, marking them in spite of their lightheartedness† (272). Unaccustomed Earth seems to present death the way Bengali’s are influence by the Muslim and Hindu influence it has in the region. Overall Unaccustomed Earth is a great representation of Bengali culture and to show just how diverse the families are. While there are universal and cultural themes throughout the novel, all eight stories share a common theme: identity. Without identity there wouldn’t Bengali or Native American, it’s one’s identity that make them what they are, it’s their soul encompassed in relation to who they are, the philosophical thought in relation to gender, culture, and ethnicity. All the Bengali families deal with life and finding a place in their situation or country to try to fit in, to try to belong. From Seattle to Thailand these stories tell a heartwarming account of what makes us human. Works Cited Lahiri, Jhumpa. Unaccustomed earth. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2008. Print. How to cite Unaccustomed Earth Book Review, Essay examples

Policies and Regulations for the Twenty

Despite the fact that cholera is no longer the plague of the humankind, it still remains a tangible threat, no matter how hard one might wish to believe that the disease was fatal only in the 19th century. True, a range of methods for preventing cholera epidemics have been developed since then, including a range of vaccines, development of basic hygiene principles, etc.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policies and Regulations for the Twenty-first Century Healthcare Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The disease itself, however, did not vanish without a trace – the instances of cholera still occur, and, to prevent lethal cases triggered by the disease, a range of guidelines have been designed for healthcare organizations to protect people from contracting a virus of cholera (Schlipkà ¶ter Flahault, 2010). When it comes to mentioning major organizations, which provide detailed recommendations o n preventing outbreaks of cholera, one must mention the World health Organization as the leader in securing people from cholera. Indeed, according to the official statement of the WHO, a range of steps used to address the early stages of the cholera epidemics outbreak have been designed for the subordinate organizations to comply with. The WHO demands that notifications should be sent by the health authorities that have spotted the symptoms of cholera: â€Å"Under the terms of the International Health Regulations of 1969, cholera is one of three diseases for which it is mandatory to notify the World Health Organization† (WHO, n. d., p. 11). Other organizations, though following the WHO standards for the most part, have been provided with a specific set of actions to be undertaken apart from sending notifications to the WHO. Moreover, numerous organizations have defined their own pattern of addressing the problem based on the requirements listed by the WHO. For example, the Pa n American Health Organization mentions the necessity for the control of the water sanitation process to be carried out by the corresponding services so that the threat of cholera epidemics could be driven to nil (CSIS, 2013, p. 6). In addition to the regulations designed by the WHO, the members of the UNICEF Organization have also provided their rules and guidelines on the course of actions for an organization to follow in case of an outbreak of cholera epidemics.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Unlike the WHO, which provides rather brief guidelines for organizations to act in case of epidemics of cholera, UNICEF focuses much more on providing citizens with the safety that they need and instructing them on what must be done if an outbreak of cholera occurs. More importantly, the UNICEF Organization specifies the precaution measures that must be taken in order to void cholera e pidemics; these measures include specific guidelines concerning personal hygiene and sanitation. In addition, the UNICEF Organization explains how the isolation of the people that have contracted cholera must be carried out (UNICEF, 2012, p. 26). Finally and most importantly, the UNICEF Organization outlines the course of actions for community engagement, which is bound to reduce the possibility of cholera epidemics. Comparing the regulations defined by two major health organizations, one must give UNICEF credit for offering an incredibly detailed set of recommendations and rules. The members of the UNICEF have taken every minor detail into account and have provided all the rules required, including the burial procedure. In addition, the information provided by UNICEF includes the information on the possible causes of the epidemics, such as water contamination (UNICEF, 2012, p. 24). Therefore, out of the three major sets of recommendations, the ones provided by UNICEF are clearly su perior in clarity and efficiency and can be used as the basic guidelines in case of a cholera outbreak. Reference List CSIS (2013). Water and sanitation in the time of cholera. Web. Schlipkà ¶ter, U. Flahault, A. (2010). Communicable diseases: achievements and challenges for public health. Public Health Reviews, 32(1), 90-119.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Policies and Regulations for the Twenty-first Century Healthcare Organizations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More UNICEF (2012). Cholera outbreak guidelines. Web. WHO (n. d.). Guidelines for cholera control. Web. This essay on Policies and Regulations for the Twenty-first Century Healthcare Organizations was written and submitted by user Greyson R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

martial Essay Example

martial Essay Example martial Essay martial Essay Martial arts From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search The martial art of boxing was practiced in the ancient Thera. Martial arts are codified systems and traditions of combat practices, which are practiced for a variety of reasons: self-defense, competition, physical health and fitness, entertainment, as well as mental, physical, and spiritual development. Although the term martial art has become heavily associated with the fighting arts of eastern Asia, it was originally used in regard to the combat systems of Europe as early as the 1 550s. An English fencing manual of 1639 used the term in reference pecifically to the Science and Art of swordplay. The term is ultimately derived from Latin, and means arts of Mars, where Mars is the Roman god of war. [l] Some authors, most notably Donn F. Draeger, have argued that fghting arts or fghting systems would be more appropriate on the basis that many martial arts were never martial in the sense of being used or created by professional warriors. [2] Contents 1 Variation and scope 1. 1 By technical focus 1. 2 By application or intent 2 History 2. 1 Historical martial arts 2. Folk styles 2. 3 Modern history 3 Testing and competition 3. 1 Light- and medium-contact . 2 Full-contact 3. 3 Martial Sport 4 Health and fitness benefits 5 Self-defense, military and law enforcement applications 6. 1 Martial arts fraud 7 See also 7. 1 Equipment 8 References Variation and scope 6 Martial arts industry Martial arts may be categorized along a variety of criteria, including: Traditional or histo rical arts and contemporary styles of folk wrestling vs. modern hybrid martial arts. Regional origin, especially Eastern Martial Arts vs. Western Martial Arts Techniques taught: Armed vs. narmed, and within these groups by type of weapon (swordsmanship, stick fghting etc. and by type of combat (grappling vs. striking; stand-up fighting vs. ground fighting) By application or intent: self- defense, combat sport, choreography or demonstration of forms, physical fitness, meditation, etc. Within Chinese tradition: external vs. internal styles By technical focus Unarmed Unarmed martial arts can be broadly grouped into focusing on strikes, those focusing on grappling and those that cover both fields, often described as hybrid martial arts. Strikes Punching: Boxing (Western), Wing Chun Kicking: Capoeira, Kickboxing, Taekwondo, Savate Others using strikes: Karate, Muay Thai, Sanshou Grappling Throwing: Jujutsu, Aikido, Hapkido, Judo, Sambo Joint lock/Chokeholds/Submission holds: Judo, Jujutsu, Aikido, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hapkido Pinning Techniques: Jujutsu, Judo, Wrestling, Sambo Another key delineation of unarmed martial arts is the use of power and strength- based techniques (as found in boxing, kickboxing, karate, taekwondo and so on) vs. echniques that almost exclusively use the opponents own energy/balance against them (as in Tai chi chuan, aikido, hapkido and aiki Jiu Jitsu and similar). Another way to view this division is to consider the differences between arts where Power and Speed are the main keys to success vs. arts that rely to a much greater extent on correct body-mechanics and the balance of the practitioners energy with that of the opponent. In all such delineations, aspects of many arts, if not most, c an fall within both camps, regardless of which way the defining line is viewed (striking vs. rappling or power vs. energy/balance). Most arts have features on both sides of any such dividing line. Weapon-based Those traditional martial arts which train armed combat often encompass a wide spectrum of melee weapons, including bladed weapons and polearms. Such raditions include eskrima, silat, kalaripayat, kobudo, and historical European martial arts, especially those of the German Renaissance. Many Chinese martial arts also feature weapons as part of their curriculum. Sometimes, training with one specific weapon will be considered a style of martial arts in its own right, which is especially the case in Japanese martial arts with disciplines such as kenJutsu and kendo (sword), boJutsu (stafO, and kyudo (archery). Similarly, modern Western martial arts and sports include modern fencing, stick- fghting systems like canne de combat or singlestick, and modern competitive rchery. By application or intent Combat-oriented Main articles: Combat sport and Self-defense Many martial arts, especially those from Asia, also teach side disciplines which pertain to medicinal practices. This is particularly prevalent in traditional Indian martial arts which may teach bone-setting, and other aspects of traditional Indian medicine. [3] Martial arts can also be linked with religion and spirituality. Numerous systems are reputed to have been founded, disseminated, or practiced by monks or nuns. For example, gatka is a weapon-based Indian martial art created by the Sikhs of the Punjab region of India. Japanese styles, when concerning non-physical qualities of the combat, are often strongly influenced by Mahayana Buddhist philosophy. Concepts like empty mind and beginners mind are recurrent. Aikido, for instance, can have a strong philosophical belief of the flow of energy and peace fostering, as idealised by its founder Morihei Ueshiba. Traditional Korean martial arts place emphasis on the development of the practitioners spiritual and philosophical development. A common theme in most Korean styles, such as taekkyeon and taekwondo, is the value of inner peace in a ractitioner, which is stressed to be only achieved through individual meditation and training. As with most other East Asian martial arts, the Koreans believe that the use of physical force is only Justified through defense. Systema draws upon breathing and relaxation techniques, as well as elements of Russian Orthodox thought, to foster self-conscience and calmness, and to benefit the practitioner in different levels: the physical, the psychological and the spiritual. [4] Some martial arts in various cultures can be performed in dance-like settings for various reasons, such as for evoking ferocity in preparation for battle or showing off kill in a more stylized manner. Many such martial arts incorporate music, especially strong percussive rhythms. (See also war dance. ) History Pankratiasts fighting under the eyes of a Judge. Side B of a Panathenaic prize amphora, c. 500 BC. Main article: History of martial arts Further information: Martial arts timeline Historical martial arts Main articles: History of Asian martial arts and Historical European martial arts Further information: History of boxing and History of fencing The oldest work of art depicting scenes of battle, dating back 3400 was the Ancient Egyptian paintings showing some form of struggle comparable to the stocks; 6] and dating back 3000 BC in Mesopotamia (Babylon), reliefs and the poems of the first signs of a struggle were found. 6][7] In Vietnam, dug drawings and sketches from 2879 BC certain ways of combat combined with the use of a sword, stick, bow, and spears. [6] Chinese martial arts originated during the Xia Dynasty more than 4000 years ago. It is said the Yellow Emperor Huangdi (legendary date of ascension 2698 BC) introduced the earliest fghting systems to China. The Yellow Emperor is described as a famous general who, before becomin g Chinas leader, wrote lengthy treatises on medicine, strology and the martial arts. One of his main opponents was Chi You who was credited as the creator of Jiao d, a forerunner to the modern art of Chinese wrestling. The foundation of modern Asian martial arts is likely a blend of early Chinese and Indian martial arts. During the Warring States period of Chinese history (480-221 BC) extensive development in martial philosophy and strategy emerged, as described by Sun Tzu in The Art of War (c. 350 Legendary accounts link the origin of Shaolinquan to the spread of Buddhism from India during the early 5th century AD, with the fgure of Bodhidharma, to China. [9] In Europe, the earliest sources of martial arts traditions date to Ancient Greece. Boxing (pygme, pyx), wrestling (pale) and pankration were represented in the Ancient Olympic Games. The Romans produced gladiatorial combat as a public spectacle. A number of historical combat manuals have survived from the European Middle Ages. This includes such styles as sword and shield, two-handed swordfghting and other types of melee weapons besides unarmed combat. The most famous of these is Johannes Lichtenauers Fechtbuch (Fencing book) of the 14th century, which today forms the basis of the German school of swordsmanship. Likewise, Asian martial arts become well-documented during the medieval period, Japanese martial arts beginning with the establishment of the samurai nobility in the 12th century, Chinese martial arts with Ming era treatises such as Ji Xiao Xin Shu, Indian martial arts in medieval texts such as the Agni Purana and the Malla Purana, and Korean martial artsTaekkyeon from the Joseon era and texts such as MuyeJebo (1598). Historical martial arts in both Asia and Europe are mostly based on such records of the late medieval to early modern period (1 5th to 17th centuries; see also Kory). European swordsmanship was trained for duels until the Napoleonic era, and developed into sport fencing during the 19th century. Modern boxing originates with Jack Broughtons rules in the 18th century, and reaches its present form with the Marquess of Queensberry Rules of 1867. Europes colonization of Asian countries also brought about a decline in local martial arts, especially with the introduction of firearms. This can clearly be seen in India after the full establishment of British Raj in the 19th century. [10] Similar phenomena occurred in Southeast Asian colonies such as Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. Folk styles Main article: Folk wrestling All over the world, there are traditional styles of folk wrestling, and in some cases also stick fighting, rooted in local culture and folklore. In East and Southeast Asia, these are forms such as Korean, Khmer or Mongolian wrestling and Japanese sumo, in South and Southwest Asia Indo-Persian Pehlwani and Dravidian malla-yuddha, in Central and Western Asia Turkic (Uzbek, Tatar) styles; in Europe, there are Icelandic, Swiss and various English wrestling traditions. African folk wrestling includes the West African style of Lutte Traditionnelle. While these arts are based on historical traditions of folklore, they are not historical in the sense that they reconstruct or preserve a historical system from a specific era. They are rather contemporary regional sports that coexist with the modern forms of martial arts sports as they have developed since the 19th century, often including cross-fertilization between sports and folk styles; thus, the traditional Thai style of muay boran developed into the modern national sport of muay Thai, which in turn came to be practiced worldwide and contributed significantly to modern hybrid styles like kickboxing and mixed martial arts. Modern history Further information: Modern history of East Asian martial arts Late 19th to early 20th century The mid to late 19th century marks the beginning of the history of martial arts as modern sports developed out of earlier traditional fghting systems. In Europe, this concerns the developments of boxing and fencing as sports. In Japan, the same period marks the formation of the modern forms of Judo, Jujitsu, karate, and kendo (among others) based on revivals of old schools of Edo period martial arts which had been suppressed during the Meiji Restoration. [citation needed] Modern muay Thai ules date to the 1920s. In China, the modern history of martial arts begins in the Nanjing decade (1930s) following the foundation of the Central Guoshu Institute in 1928 under the Kuomintang government. Western interest in Asian martial arts arises towards the end of the 19th century, due to the increase in trade between the United States with China and Japan. [citation needed] Relatively few Westerners actually practiced the arts, considering it to be mere performance. Edward William Barton-Wright, a railway engineer who had studied Jujutsu while working in Japan between 1894-97, was the first man known to ave taught Asian martial arts in Europe. He also founded an eclectic style named Bartitsu which combined Jujutsu, Judo, boxing, savate and stick fghting. Fencing and Greco-Roman wrestling was included in the 1896 Summer Olympics. FILA Wrestling World Championships and Boxing at the Summer Olympics were introduced in 1904. The tradition of awarding championship belts in wrestling and boxing can be traced to the Lonsdale Belt, introduced in 1909. 20th century (1914 to 1989) The International Boxing Association was established in 1920. World Fencing Championships have been held since 1921. As Western influence grew in Asia a greater number of military personnel spent time in China, Japan and South Korea during World War II and the Korean War and were exposed to local fghting styles. Jujutsu, Judo and karate first became popular among the mainstream from the 1950s-60s. Due in part to Asian and Hollywood martial arts movies, most modern American martial arts are either Asian-derived or Asian influenced. [11] The term kickboxing ($ y 5 was created by the Japanese boxing promoter Osamu Noguchi for a variant of muay Thai and karate that he created in the 1950s. American kickboxing was developed in the 1970s, as a ombination of boxing and karate. Taekwondo was developed in the context of the Korean War in the 1950s. The later 1960s and 1970s witnessed an increased media interest in Kung Fu, influenced by martial artist Bruce Lee. Jeet Kune Do, the system he founded, has its roots in Wing Chun, western boxing, savate and fencing. Bruce Lee is credited as one of the first instructors to openly teach Chinese martial arts to Westerners. [12] World Judo Championships have been held since 1956, Judo at the Summer Olympics was introduced in 1964. Karate World Championships were introduced in 1970. Jackie Chan, one of the best known Hollywood actors and martial artists. Following the kung fu wave in Hong Kong action cinema in the 1970s, a number of mainstream films produced during the 1980s contributed significantly to the perception of martial arts in western popular culture. These include The Karate Kid (1984) and Bloodsport (1988). This era produced some Hollywood action stars with martial arts background, such as Jean-Claude Van Damme and Chuck Norris. Also during the 20th century, a number of martial arts were adapted for self-defense purposes for military hand-to-hand combat. World War II combatives, Kapap (1930s) and Krav Maga (1950s) in Israel, Systema (Soviet era Russia), San Shou (Peoples Republic of China). The US military de-emphasized hand-to-hand combat training during the Cold War period, but revived it with the introduction of LINE in 1989. 1990 to present During the 1990s Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu became popular and proved to be effective in mixed martial arts competitions such as the IJFC and PRIDE. 13] The K-1 rules of kickboxing were introduced in 1993, based on 1980s Seidokaikan karate. Jackie Chan and Jet Li are prominent movie figures who have been responsible for romoting Chinese martial arts in recent years. With the continual discovery of new Medieval and Renaissance fighting manuals, the practice of Historical European Martial Arts and other Western Martial Arts are growing in popularity across the United States an d Europe. November 29, 2011, UNESCO inscribed taekkyeon onto its Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity List. 14] Testing and competition Testing or evaluation is important to martial art practitioners of many disciplines who wish to determine their progression or own level of skill in specific contexts. Students ithin individual martial art systems often undergo periodic testing and grading by their own teacher in order to advance to a higher level of recognized achievement, such as a different belt color or title. The type of testing used varies from system to system but may include forms or sparring. Steven Ho executing a Jump Spin Hook Kick Various forms and sparring are commonly used in martial art exhibitions and tournaments. Some competitions pit practitioners of different disciplines against each other using a common set of rules, these are referred to as mixed martial arts competitions. Rules for sparring vary between art and organization but can generally be divided into light-contact, medium-contact, and full-contact variants, reflecting the amount of force that should be used on an opponent. Light- and medium-contact These types of sparring restrict the amount of force that may be used to hit an opponent, in the case of light sparring this is usual to touch contact, e. g. a punch should be pulled as soon as or before contact is made. In medium-contact (sometimes referred to as semi-contact) the punch would not be pulled but not hit with full force. As the amount of force used is restricted, the aim of these types of sparring is not to knock out an opponent; a point system is used in competitions. A referee acts to monitor for fouls and to control the match, while Judges mark down scores, as in boxing. Particular targets may be prohibited, certain techniques may be forbidden (such as headbutting or groin hits), and fghters may be required to wear protective equipment on their head, hands, chest, groin, shins or feet. Some grappling arts, such as aikido, use a similar method of compliant training that is equivalent to light or medium contact. In some styles (such as fencing and some styles of Taekwondo sparring), competitors score points based on the landing of a single technique or strike as Judged by the referee, whereupon the referee will briefly stop the match, award a point, then restart the match. Alternatively, sparring may continue with the point noted by the judges. Some critics of point sparring feel that this method of training teaches habits that result in lower combat effectiveness. Lighter-contact sparring may be used exclusively, for children or in other situations when heavy contact would be nappropriate (such as beginners), medium-contact sparring is often used as training for full contact Full-contact Further information: Full-contact Full-contact sparring or competition, where strikes are not pulled but thrown with full force as the name implies, has a number of tactical differences from light and medium-contact sparring. It is considered by some to be requisite in learning realistic unarmed combat. 1 5] In full-contact sparring, the aim of a competitive match is either to knock out the opponent or to force the opponent to submit. Where scoring takes place it may be a ubsidiary measure, only used if no clear winner has been established by other means; in some competitions, such as the IJFC 1, there was no scoring, though most now use some form of Judging as a backup. [16] Due to these factors, full-contact matches tend to be more aggressive in character, b ut rule sets may still mandate the use of protective equipment, or limit the techniques allowed. Nearly all mixed martial arts organizations such as UFC, Pancrase, Shooto use a form of full-contact rules, as do professional boxing organizations and K-1 . Kyokushin karate requires advanced practitioners to engage in bare-knuckled, full-contact parring while wearing only a karate gi and groin protector but does not allow punches to the face, only kicks and knees. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu and Judo matches do not allow striking, but are full-contact in the sense that full force is applied in the permitted grappling and submission techniques. Martial Sport Main article: Combat sport Several martial arts, such as Judo, are Olympic sports. Martial arts have crossed over into sports when forms of sparring become competitive, becoming a sport in its own right that is dissociated from the original combative origin, such as with western fencing. The Summer Olympic Games includes Judo, taekwondo, western archery, boxing, Javelin, wrestling and fencing as events, while Chinese wushu recently failed in its bid to be included, but is still actively performed in tournaments across the world. Practitioners in some arts such as kickboxing and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu often train for sport matches, whereas those in other arts such as aikido and Wing Chun generally spurn such competitions. Some schools believe that competition breeds better and more efficient practitioners, and gives a sense of good sportsmanship. Others believe that the rules under which ompetition takes place have diminished the combat effectiveness of martial arts or encourage a kind of practice which focuses on winning trophies rather than a focus such as cultivating a particular moral character. The question of which is the best martial art has led to inter style competitions fought with very few rules allowing a variety of fighting styles to enter with few limitations. This was the origin of the first Ultimate Fighting Championship tournament (later renamed IJFC 1: The Beginning) in the U. S. inspired by the Brazilian Vale tudo tradition and along with other minimal rule competitions, most otably those from Japan such as Shooto and Pancrase, have evolved into the combat sport of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). Some martial artists compete in non-sparring competitions such as breaking or choreographed routines of techniques such as poomse, kata and aka, or modern variations of the martial arts which include dance-influenced competitions such as tricking. Martial traditions have been influenced by governments to become more sport-like for political purposes; the central impetus for the attempt by the Peoples Republic of China in transforming Chinese martial arts into the committee-regulated port of wushu was suppressing what they saw as the potentially subversive aspects of martial training, especially under the traditional system of family lineages. [17] Health and fitness benefits Martial arts training aims to result in several benefits to trainees, such as their physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health. 18] Through systematic practice in the martial arts a persons physical fitness may be boosted (strength, stamina, flexibility, movement coordination, etc. )[citation needed] as the whole body is exercised and the entire muscular system is activated. Beyond ontributing to physical fitness, martial arts training also has benefits for mental health, contributing to self-esteem, self-control, emotional and spiritual well-being. For this reason, a number of martial arts schools have focused purely on therapeutic aspects, de-emphasizing the historical aspect of self-defense or combat completely. [citation needed] According to Bruce Lee, martial arts also have the nature of an art, since there is emotional communication and complete emotional expression. [citation needed] Self- defense, military and law enforcement applications Main articles: Hand to hand combat and Self-defense U. S. Army Combatives instructor Matt Larsen demonstrates a chokehold. Some traditional martial concepts have seen new use within modern military training. Perhaps the most recent example of this is point shooting which relies on muscle memory to more effectively utilize a firearm in a variety of awkward situations, much the way an iaidoka would master movements with their sword. During the World War II era William E. Fairbairn and Eric A. Sykes were recruited by the Special Operations Executive (SOE) to teach their martial art of defendu (itself drawing on Western boxing and Jujutsu) and pistol shooting to I-JK, US, and Canadian pecial forces. The book Kill or Get Killed, written by Colonel Rex Applegate, was based on the defendu taught by Sykes and Fairbairn. Both Fairbairns Get Tough and Appelgates Kill or Get Killed became classic works on hands of this include European Unifght, the US Armys Combatives system developed by Matt Larsen, the Israeli armys kapap and Krav Maga, and the US Marine Corpss Marine Corps Martial Arts Program (MCMAP). Unarmed dagger defenses identical to those found in the manual of Fiore dei Liberi and the Codex Wallerstein were integrated into the U. S. Armys training manuals in 1942[19] and continue to influence todays systems along with other traditional systems such as eskrima and silat. The rifle-mounted bayonet, which has its origin in the spear, has seen use by the United States Army, the United States Marine Corps, and the British Army as recently as the Iraq War. [20] Many martial arts are also seen and used in Law Enforcement hand to hand training. For example, the Tokyo Riot Polices use of aikido. Martial arts industry Martial arts since the 1970s has become a significant industry, a subset of the wider sport industry (including cinema and sports television). Hundreds of millions of people worldwide practice some form of martial art. Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims there are 50 million karate practitioners worldwide. [21] The South Korean government in 2009 published an estimate that taekwondo is practiced by 70 million people in 190 countries. [22] The wholesale value of martial arts related sporting equipment shipped in the United States was estimated at 314 million USD in 2007; participation in the same year was estimated at 6. 9 million (ages 6 or older, 2% of US population). [23] R. A. Court, CEO of Martial Arts Channel, stated the total revenue of the US martial arts industry at USD 40 billion and the number of US practitioners at 30 million in 2003. [24] Ultimate Fighting Championship generated a revenue of about USD 250 million in 2008, about 90% of the entire Mixed Martial Arts industry. [25] Martial arts fraud Asian martial arts experienced a surge of popularity in the west during the 1970s,

Women and Revolution in China and Iran

Women and Revolution in China and Iran During the 20th century, both China and Iran underwent revolutions that significantly changed their social structures. In each case, the role of women in society also shifted enormously as a result of the revolutionary changes that took place - but the outcomes were quite different for Chinese and Iranian women. Women in Pre-Revolutionary China During the late Qing Dynasty era in China, women were viewed as the property first of their birth families, and then of their husbands families. They were not really family members - neither the birth family nor the marriage family recorded a womans given name on the genealogical record. Women had no separate property rights, nor did they have parental rights over their children if they chose to leave their husbands. Many suffered extreme abuse at the hands of their spouses and in-laws. Throughout their lives, women were expected to obey their fathers, husbands, and sons in turn. Female infanticide was common among families who felt that they already had enough daughters and wanted more sons. Ethnic Han Chinese women of the middle and upper classes had their feet bound, as well, limiting their mobility and keeping them close to home. If a poor family wanted their daughter to be able to marry well, they might bind her feet when she was a small child. Foot binding was excruciatingly painful; first, the girls arch bones were broken, then the foot was tied with a long strip of cloth into the lotus position. Eventually, the foot would heal that way. A woman with bound feet could not work in the fields; thus, foot-binding was a boast on the familys part that they did not need to send their daughters out to work as farmers. The Chinese Communist Revolution Although the Chinese Civil War (1927-1949) and the Communist Revolution caused enormous suffering throughout the twentieth century, for women, the rise of communism resulted in a significant improvement in their social status. According to communist doctrine, all workers were supposed to be accorded equal worth, regardless of their gender. With the collectivization of property, women were no longer at a disadvantage compared with their husbands. One goal of revolutionary politics, according to the Communists, was womens liberation from the male-dominated system of private property. Of course, women from the property-owning class in China suffered humiliation and the loss of their status, just as their fathers and husbands did. However, the vast majority of Chinese women were peasants - and they gained social status, at least, if not material prosperity, in post-revolutionary Communist China. Women in Pre-Revolutionary Iran In Iran under the Pahlavi shahs, improved educational opportunities and social standing for women formed one of the pillars of the modernization drive. During the nineteenth century, Russia and Britain vied for influence in Iran, bullying the weak Qajar state. When the Pahlavi family took control, they sought to strengthen Iran by adopting certain western characteristics - including increased rights and opportunities for women. (Yeganeh 4) Women could study, work, and under Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavis rule (1941 - 1979), even vote. Primarily, though, womens education was intended to produce wise, helpful mothers and wives, rather than career women. From the introduction of the new Constitution in 1925 until the Islamic Revolution of 1979, Iranian women received free universal education and increased career opportunities. The government forbade women from wearing the chador, a head-to-toe covering preferred by highly religious women, even removing the veils by force. (Mir-Hosseini 41) Under the shahs, women got jobs as government ministers, scientists, and judges. Women got the right to vote in 1963, and the Family Protection Laws of 1967 and 1973 protected womens right to divorce their husbands and to petition for custody of their children. The Islamic Revolution in Iran Although women played an important role in the 1979 Islamic Revolution, pouring out into the streets and helping to drive Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi out of power, they lost a considerable number of rights once the Ayatollah Khomeini took control of Iran. Just after the revolution, the government decreed that all women had to wear the chador in public, including news anchors on television. Women who refused could face public whipping and prison time. (Mir-Hosseini 42) Rather than having to go to court, men could once more simply declare I divorce you three times to dissolve their marriages; women, meanwhile, lost all right to sue for divorce. After Khomeinis death in 1989, some of the strictest interpretation of law were lifted. (Mir-Hosseini 38) Women, particularly those in Tehran and other large cities, began to go out not in chador, but with a wisp of scarf (barely) covering their hair and with full makeup. Nonetheless, women in Iran continue to face weaker rights today than they did in 1978. It takes the testimony of two women to equal the testimony of one man in court. Women accused of adultery have to prove their innocence, rather than the accuser proving their guilt, and if convicted they may be executed by stoning. Conclusion The twentieth-century revolutions in China and Iran had very different effects on womens rights in those countries. Women in China gained social status and value after the Communist Party took control; after the Islamic Revolution, women in Iran lost many of the rights they had gained under the Pahlavi shahs earlier in the century. Conditions for women in each country vary today, though, based on where they live, what family they are born into, and how much education they have attained. Sources Ip, Hung-Yok. Fashioning Appearances: Feminine Beauty in Chinese Communist Revolutionary Culture, Modern China, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 2003), 329-361. Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. The Conservative-Reformist Conflict over Womens Rights in Iran, International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Fall 2002), 37-53. Ng, Vivien. Sexual Abuse of Daughters-in-law in Qing China: Cases from the Xingan Huilan, Feminist Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 373-391. Watson, Keith. The Shahs White Revolution - Education and Reform in Iran, Comparative Education, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 1976), 23-36. Yeganeh, Nahid. Women, Nationalism and Islam in Contemporary Political Discourse in Iran, Feminist Review, No. 44 (Summer 1993), 3-18.